The banking sector has undergone a wave of newness and various changes concurrent with the dynamism of fintech. With new technologies and capabilities emerging at every corner, it becomes crucial for traditional financial institutions to analyze their future alongside this disruption. 

Open Banking is one of the tributaries in this river of fintech evolution that has had a tremendous influence on banking methods.

What is Open Banking?

Open banking is a newly established method of banking where financial institutions collaborate with non-financial parties by sharing financial and personal information of customers to enhance financial services. It involves strict application of regulations and compliances that safeguard customer interests. 

Banks and traditional financial institutions implement APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) created by third-parties, which allow them to incorporate advanced technologies into their existing systems to provide more efficient and diverse services and products.

While open banking compels active participation of regulatory authorities, it also demands adequate freedom and space for innovation. With countless startups surfacing globally, the level of competition has never been so high. An environment as competitive as the one we have today, requires freedom to give innovative solutions that can cause further positive disruptions. Financial institutions can employ advanced technologies to serve their customers better by collaborating with third-parties, 

Types of Open Banking

There are many variations of Open Banking methods implemented globally. These variations are across different sectors like products and services, targeted timelines, the parties involved, etc. The two broad categories that define all these variations are:

Market-oriented Open Banking

Countries like USA, where state-regulations dominate regulations for banking systems, market-led open banking methods take charge. Market-oriented open banking allows better freedom and evasion of red tapism; however, it also has the potential to compromise data security. Most regulatory bodies advise against this approach because of security issues and advocate the implementation of regulation-led open banking.

Regulation-oriented Open Banking

Under this method, open banking is governed by regulations. Only actions and alliances permitted under this method are allowed to take place. The Australian authorities have created the Consumer Data Rights (CDR) Act that allows consumers to share their personal details with their choice of third-parties.

Key Benefits of Open Banking

Open Banking has opened numerous doors of growth opportunities for people globally. The main areas which have benefitted from open banking are:

Customer Service

The level of customer service offered by financial institutions has increased manifold. Earlier traditional systems restricted focus on customers, where ordinary processes and employee-level work took over the main stage. With open banking stepping into the picture, the transition of banks and financial institutions is immense. When third-parties take technical lead and supply advanced technological supplements, traditional financial bodies can guarantee quicker results, more customer-centric processes, and minimal bureaucracy.

Revenue Streams

With more growth opportunities and an upsurge in the participants, open banking has opened more revenue chambers for people to explore. The scope of applied technology is immense; with more and more people realizing the importance of digitalization, the number of opportunities is incredible.

More Sustainable Business

 Finance is not the only sector getting a digital makeover. All dominating sectors have revamped owing to digitalization. With open banking and other technologies taking the helm of the financial sector, the companies collaborating in this space would become more sustainable and stable. 

 The Core Capabilities of Open Banking

Even though open banking has been here for some time, it is still not a dominant branch of fintech. This field is gradually gaining more traction with more businesses pouring in. The future holds big plans for open banking, and all participating entities have innumerable opportunities lined up for them like:

Data Custody

With continuous transfer of personal and financial data between companies, one of the key elements that would decide who holds the bigger hand is data custody. The future would bring more regulations and policies defining how data custody would occur, and entities would have an opportunity to use this in their favor.

Data Management

The management, analysis and handling of shared data is another knot waiting to open completely. Although third-parties and financial institutions have pre-defined onuses, how data would be managed ideally and by whom is a vast opportunity yet to be explored.

Agile Partnerships

Technology enables agility and quickness. In open banking, the more agile and flexible data sharing is, the better the partnership should be. Agile partnerships would enable quick and transparent transfers of data and reports, which would help the overall purpose of open banking.

Security

Data security is a global issue in fintech that is being worked on uninterruptedly. With open banking, the issue of data security is slightly more as there is transfer of sensitive information between parties. Although the fintech space in this regard is consistent with the existing regulations, data security is an area where improvements would always be welcome, rendering it another core capability of open banking.

Closing Remarks

Open banking is a concept which is disrupting traditional methods of banking. With strict policies and compliance standards, combined with the freedom to innovate, open banking has emerged as the perfect space that promotes technological developments. Mixing novel technologies with traditional systems is changing banking.

Although open banking is emerging in different places at different paces and variations, it still has a long way to go. With countries like Hong Kong, UK and US exemplifying the growth opportunities and benefits of open banking, other countries in Southeast Asia, East Africa and Europe are cautiously following the steps to explore open banking.

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The gamut of services and products disrupting the spectrum of fintech is becoming irrepressible. With the massive eruption of startups acquiring more and more fintech space, the world is undergoing a financial revolution. The global fintech industry is expected to grow at a compounded rate of 24%, and the overall valuation of the market size is expected to reach $124 billion USD by 2025. Such figures imply an enormous scope of opportunities that are yet to be tapped. 

Risk and compliance are the two sectors that have recently come in the limelight for the number of opportunities they offer, if tapped wisely.

Growth of Fintech

The tremendous growth witnessed in the word of fintech has been caused due to a few underlying reasons that have helped shape the market:

Smartphones

One of the main factors that has had a colossal effect on the fintech front is the upsurge in the adoption and penetration of smartphones. With billions of people shifting focus from other media to smartphones, the reachability of most sectors like social media, banking, investments has grown manifold.

Inefficient Traditional Banking

Traditional banking methods were created as per the earlier needs and practices. Obsolete and slow systems, combined with population growth, are the main factors that have incentivized more players to enter the market and change the perceptions and ways of banking and financing.

Trends in Customer Behavior

With new entrants streaming into the industry, vis-à-vis new products and services, the reliance on old methods has taken a hit. The customer habits and behaviors prevalent a few years back have naturally adapted to the new systems dominating the world now. Such behavioral shifts are making way for more innovation and disruption.

Risk and Compliance as Opportunities

As more and more customers get familiarized with the range of services and products offered under the fintech umbrella, their expectations and behaviors change. Such changes in customer habits depict a more customer-focused approach for innovation.

With fintech making deeper headway into people’s everyday lives, new branches of this industry are gaining more prevalence in terms of the scope of opportunities they provide. Risk and compliance have recently received eminence owing to their level of involvement in shaping the industry. While there are countless opportunities surfacing all across the market, there are few which have recently received a lot of attention.

While customers need a secure and safe structure for all types of payments, they also want simpler processes which don’t involve multiple levels of verifications and password inputs. Such expectations open doors for the usage of biometrics to keep the fintech interface secure. 

Fraud detection is another big market in the risk assessment category of fintech in which customer habits, behaviors, activities and trends are studied intensely to mark outliers, which could help in fraud detection.

Information and data related to customer behavior and trends can be used to ascertain the chances of loan repayments, providing a cushion-like equipment to get better risk insights.

Information about the e-commerce activities of customers on various fronts can be stored and used to determine the creditworthiness of customer. In this way, companies and financial institutions can offer customized products and services as per their suitability and needs.

Such opportunities are incessantly flowing into the market space, and fintech players all over the world are continuously keeping track of new trends that have the potential to become the next big thing.

New technologies like machine learning, artificial technology, etc., have already been in the picture for a few years now. Their true potential is gradually surfacing as fintech players dive deeper into gaining better insights about the market and industry.

All fintech developments that have occurred in the past and will possibly occur in the future are regulated by authorities. With such rapid advancements occurring so frequently at a global level, it is imperative for regulations and compliance bodies to create very agile and adaptive systems that efficiently safeguard the best interests of businesses and customers while also allowing space for innovation and challenges. Hence, compliance is perceived as the Golconda of new-age fintech. 

The true potential of technology can be realized by focusing on the needs, trends and habits of customers and the requirements of the regulatory authorities. A number of fintech startups and companies have incorporated this in their vision, which has helped them come up with more innovative and customer-centric solutions and services.

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The financial sector has always been prone to risky activities which have mandated the existence of a streamlined and strict regulatory system. Such regulatory authorities include the participation of country-specific governments and international bodies, which help form a holistic structure that monitors the financial activities of individuals as well as companies. If not for such regulations and strict compliances, the entire industry of finance and fintech would crumble down.

The regulatory system entails various branches of compliances and standards that help keep the entire ecosystem of fintech safe from frauds, money laundering, hacking, etc. One of these subsections that helps protect companies from faulty customers is Customer Due Diligence (CDD).

Customer Due Diligence Meaning

The process of conducting checks and background inspections on customers to ensure the customers’ creditworthiness and standards is known as Customer Due Diligence. The dynamic pace of fintech has disrupted multiple aspects of finance. There is a persistent risk of customers and companies getting exposed to uncertainties. Customer due diligence empowers companies by evading doubtful customers, making the entire system more secure. 

A Usual Customer Due Diligence Process

A typical CDD process usually involves the following:

Application Form

The customer fills an application form that asks for their requirements and basic personal information.

Government ID

The agency conducting the CDD inspects the government documents submitted by the customer, like their name and photo identities issued by government bodies.

Biometrics

The biometrics of the customer, like fingerprint or retina scans are collected to ensure minimal lapses.

Database Checks

The personal information provided by the customer, is verified against the existing databases owned by governments and agencies to assess their creditworthiness.

AML Screening

Anti-money Laundering screening is done to reduce the company exposure to faulty customers by implementing a broad set of security measures.

Address Proof

The customers’ addresses are checked by authorized personnel to ensure their existence. This procedure sometimes also involves valuation of the addresses provided to help the financial bodies recover bad debts if need be.

Risk Pools

After conducting the screening and assessment, the customers that even slightly reflect faulty results are placed in a risk pool, which is re-examined by authorities to filter out the actual offenders.

Continued Monitoring

One of the most important steps that has recently gained a lot of attraction by authorities is continued monitoring. The directive here is to continue stringent checks and assessments for existing customers to create a foolproof structure that circumvents financial risks.

 The Importance of Customer Due Diligence

The importance of customer due diligence has been quite predominant in the fintech and financial industry. With customers pouring in from all over the world, the stakes have reached an unmatched level. Read on to know why exactly has CDD gained so much importance.

Fines and Penalties

The fines and penalties imposed on companies for not following compliances and regulations are expensive. Since 2009, the fines levied on US fintech firms have crossed $40 billion. Such hefty penalties incentivize companies to follow standards, procedures and regulations unfalteringly.

Cyber Threats

With the upsurge in the use and innovation of technology, talent has not remained restricted to the judicially right side. Criminals have had tremendous opportunities to explore the potential of technology by forming global connections, hacking into company systems to gain insider information, etc. Such elaborate systems not only put companies and its customers in vulnerable positions, they also cause financial damage. It is imperative for companies to conduct an enhanced due diligence to evade cyber threats and bullies.

Risk of Reputation

Any lag in conducting due diligence can lead to reputational risk for the company. If a lapse in customer due diligence is exposed by a third-party, the company would have to bear colossal damage to its reputation; this in turn, can lead to the company’s existing and potential customers doubting the company’s trustworthiness.

Impact on Customer Experience

With all financial institutions and bodies implementing strict regulatory procedures for all their customers, if a customer feels neglected in this regard, it can lead to the customers bad-mouthing the company and eventually pulling out of the onboarding procedure. Having multiple touch bases with potential customers to conduct proper KYC (Know Your Customer) and verifications is the new normal. 

Having said that, it is true that customers don’t particularly like slow and inefficient procedures; the companies have to ensure that their procedures are strict but not tiresome for the customer.

Final Thoughts

Customer Due Diligence is a crucial part of protecting the entire financial system from money-laundering, financial risks, bad debts, etc. All companies create customer due diligence checklists that are followed for each customer. A typical due diligence process flow requires companies to verify documents, identities and creditworthiness. However, one of the most critical steps in creating a holistic due diligence system is to conduct ongoing monitoring of all accounts and customers. This step reinforces a different level of security, enhancing the efficiency of the entire system.

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Buzzwords like artificial intelligence, cloud computing, cryptocurrencies have been making rounds. Their individual roles in our lives have disrupted and changed traditional systems that everyone was well-accustomed. With the expeditious adoption of technology in every sphere of our lives, the digital makeover of the banking and financial sector became inevitable; and so the origination of fintech began.

Cloud computing has been an integral part of the digitalization wave that has changed the way people perceive technology.

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud technologies enable users to access computing services like software, storage, programs and more over the internet, rather than on singular devices. This proposition essentially provides incredible agility to businesses and individuals, where they don’t need to obtain individual devices for all computing functions. This technology uses the ideology of buying-on-the-go, where customers can avail cloud benefits for various purposes as and when they require them, without adding any physical baggage. Cloud technology is particularly beneficial for large businesses, which aim to become leaner, bigger and more efficient.

There are various cloud computing technologies that cater to different niches and requirements. The most prevalent are:

SaaS (Software as a Service) – SaaS Cloud Computing enables users to install, use, update software without storing the software and its accessories on devices or hard drives. 

PaaS (Platform as a Service) – PaaS Cloud Computing offers developers easy-to-use platforms where they can create own applications and software without requiring external servers or specialized testing environments.

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) – With IaaS, companies can access firewalls, servers, storage, etc., without buying or creating the equipment. This technology offers ready-to-use online infrastructures than can be used for various purposes.

The Benefits of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing has taken up the entire digitalized space by a storm. Nowadays, big companies and brands are heavily reliant on cloud technologies. There are countless benefits that cloud technologies bring to the table; some of them are:

Speed

With immense agility comes inordinate efficiency. Gaining access to data, programs, software as per need leaves minimal space for lags. Churning reports, updating information, buying more storage on-the-go are indispensable benefits that can amplify the agility and efficiency of companies and individuals.

Cost

The cost of capital investment in buying hardware, is substantially reduced when a company moves to cloud services. Cloud computing does not require companies to invest in purchasing equipment, separate software, hardware and even maintenance!

Productivity

The level of efficiency achieved from cloud computing is incredible. Cloud technologies provide instant access to data, making it an extremely viable option for the entire industry. Nowadays, it is imperative for companies to stay on the frontline of technological advancements, which is easily achievable when the company chooses to transport its base and system on clouds, rather than handling, maintaining and upgrading different equipment independently.

Scalability

The global scalability that businesses can accomplish through cloud technologies is remarkable. With easy and continuous access to software and data, combined with the option to upscale or downscale cloud purchases on-the-go, the scalability of the resources transcends into a different dimension. Companies can purchase accessories, tools and resources as per their requirements, and they can even downscale when need be.

Data Security

As all cloud purchases and data is readily accessible and available on the internet space, the data security on cloud technologies is immense. There is also an added layer of protection in cloud technologies as it is not only on the consumer company to protect data and information on the cloud it is also on the server company to provide the necessary protection. This additional layer of security makes the entire cloud space safer.

Data Recovery

Data recovery on cloud technologies is easy as the data is not dependent on a particular device or equipment. With agile technologies like clouds, redundant storages can mirror data on the network. These redundant sites provide continued access to the data as even if one server fails or malfunctions, some other redundant storage is automatically made available to provide uninterrupted access.

Cloud Computing in Fintech

The adoption of cloud technologies in fintech had a slow start. But the onset of the pandemic compelled an astronomical increase in the adoption of fintech by masses and, in turn, the adoption of cloud computing technologies by the fintech industry. Cloud technologies not only bring efficiency and agility into a company’s system, they also help provide automatic leverages of technological changes and upgradation that occur globally. 

Integrating cloud technologies with the fintech landscape was experiencing a bottleneck before Covid-19 entered the picture. While people discussed the possibilities of amalgamation, the pandemic brought the cloud and fintech coalescence into reality. Today, more than 50% fintech companies have adopted cloud computing technologies, and the number will only grow from here. 

The Future of Cloud Computing in Fintech

Fintech is an industry that stands on a dynamic frame. With swift changes in technologies taking place frequently, the scope of possibilities feels limitless. Cloud computing has become an integral part of fintech, and the main areas where it is being widely used are:

Data Management

Cloud computing makes scalability and agility obvious adjuncts to business systems. When companies managing vast amounts of data gain easy and consistent access to different programs, software and storage limits, data management becomes a much easier and joyful experience. With direct control over information, companies can use it to its advantage and even offer products based on it. 

Customer Services

Agile and fast turnovers have a huge contribution in enhancing customer services. With secure and fast data systems, institutions employing cloud technologies can guarantee better and quicker results and services, which would positively affect the service quality.

Efficiencies

With scalable and quick options readily available, business efficiencies multiply. Business can take better control of their actions and decisions. Not only does cloud computing save time, it also reduces the overall investment that a company would have to put in otherwise. By cutting down both cost and time, cloud computing can become the real asset for businesses.

Closing ThoughtsCloud computing turned up at the right junction, just when the fintech world was about to take off. With the help of cloud technologies, the fintech landscape has witnessed tremendous changes, most of which have been problem-solving in nature. With cloud technologies, companies can set up exceptionally agile and efficient systems while saving on costs and money. Such positive propositions suggest an indispensable position of cloud computing, where the reliance of fintech companies on cloud servers is only going to grow.

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The future of technology, artificial intelligence has been in the limelight for a few years now. What started as a mere concept, is living and thriving in the world today. The majority of us have had the opportunity to witness and experience this extraordinary creation by humans that has disrupted the functioning of more than one sector. 

Artificial intelligence involves the creation of technologies by simulating human intelligence to retrace human actions and behaviors to be used with technology. Creating machines that mimic human traits and trends for learning, analyzing, and problem-solving makes up the majority of artificial intelligence.

AI Role in Fintech

The fintech industry is dynamic, changing and disrupting services, products, and the entire financial structure robustly. The evolution of fintech is based on the amalgamation of customer requirements, competition, and most importantly, the scope of technology. 

The role of artificial intelligence has vigorously gained importance owing to the usefulness of this technology in serving humans. The biggest areas that have been impacted by fintech are:

Security

The level of security that AI brings to the fintech table is remarkable. Small changes such as using biometrics like facial recognition to open banking apps, to bigger changes like detecting fraudulent activities by studying customer trends and behaviors, have become possible because of the involvement of artificial intelligence. 

Automation

 Data analytics, machine learning, and automation of processes became pillars of artificial intelligence. By increasing automation and minimizing human involvement in everyday processes, the margin of error can be reduced. 

Customer Service

One of the major areas that have undergone monumental change because of artificial intelligence is the customer service area. With artificial intelligence in play, the emergence of trouble-shooting chatbots, automated and quick password changes, and various other customer-centric services has become quite prevalent. Checking your bank and credit card statements and the rewards earned from your purchases and investments is one of the primary benefits for most customers. 

Risk Assessment

Another major area that has evolved rapidly is risk assessment. For companies, the risk assessment is carried out on new and potential customers, while for individuals, this assessment is done on their investments to ascertain risks. With AI, studying trends, analyzing data and information to predict future trends, and reading the impact of everyday happenings have become much easier and exhaustive.

The Future of Artificial Intelligence

While AI has been in the limelight for some years now, there is no doubt that AI is here to stay. The scope of opportunities that AI brings is enough to suggest the incredible number of possibilities for the banking and financial sector. According to some reports, the main sectors that are likely to experience an increased corroboration with AI are:

Workforce

Using AI to upskill the workforce is one of the major tenets being focused on in this field. By infusing AI with learning and problem-solving tools, the major sector that stands to gain is the banking workforce.

Automation

An extension of customer-centric services, automation is being keenly eyed as one of the leaders of fintech. Automation of everyday processes like using Chatbots for frequently asked questions would not only enhance customer services but also help reduce the cost of labor.

Personalized Banking

The potential of AI is also being targeted at creating personalized banking apps for customers, which would study customer behavior and trends to offer services that suit the customer. Such steps would help build better and stronger relationships between customers and banks.

Fraud Detection

This is one of the most important areas where AI can have a huge role to play. By getting deeper insights into customer habits and behavior, AI can help detect frauds. If some account-related activity is detected that doesn’t follow a customer-specific trend, it can immediately be identified as an outlier and can eventually help detect fraud.

Final Notes

AI, which started as a concept has revolutionized the entire spectrum of fintech. Owing to its remarkable adaptability and scope, AI can be used for various purposes like problem-solving, fraud detection, risk assessment, and more. Fintech companies nowadays use AI to offer customer-centric services, enhanced efficiencies, and quick responses. The scope of innovation in AI is so vast, that it leaves no doubts that the future of AI remains bright.

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The credit card industry has been in business for the past 75 years. Today, more than 400 million credit card users operate in the US alone. After having witnessed impressive numbers, the customers of this industry are starting to explore and move into different branches of fintech, resulting in a gradual decline in the popularity of credit cards. 

Alternatives, such as, UPI, virtual accounts, cryptocurrencies, and other e-payment channels are rapidly gaining momentum in the present age. In the past decade, there has been an evident shift in the habits of consumers, where people have gradually transitioned to a more digital setup. This change has led to an upsurge in the adoption of fintech media, resulting in the decline of the popularity of credit cards.

Reasons Behind the Decline of the Credit Card Age

Debt Risks

Not all credit card users are adept in handling their finances. People have had agonizing experiences vis-à-vis credit cards, which have prompted people to form a negative opinion of this industry. Credit cards can be used almost everywhere, making it easy for people to fall into debt. This has been one of the biggest concerns of customers. The negative impact that lands on the creditworthiness of credit card users for late or failed payments, can damage their credit scores, making it an unrewarding experience. 

Extravagant Fees & Interest Rates

The credit card industry has thrived on charging a high fee from its customers. Not only the fees, but the interest rates applied on late payments, or used amounts are extravagant. It is for these reasons that the credit card industry has been known to serve mostly high-end customers, limiting its customer spectrum. 

Fast & Easier Options

With digitalization penetrating the financial industry so rapidly, there are countless options being made available to customers frequently. People have the option to conduct transactions, make international transfers with ease, sitting in the comfort of their homes. The pandemic has played an impartial role as a catalyst for the quick spread of fintech services, increasing its popularity even further.

Competitive Rates and Services in Primary Bank Accounts

With the disruption in the finance industry due to fintech, traditional banks have also had to match pace with the changing environment of fintech. The banking sector has started offering competitive rates and services, making it a much more efficient and reliable industry when compared to the credit card industry. 

The Role of Generation Z

One of the most influential factors in the decline of credit cards and the popularity of other fintech services is the role played by the Generation Z. The credit card industry spread like wildfire among Millennials but fintech has predominated most financial activities with the newer generation. The concurrence of the emergence and existence of both fintech and Generation Z has led to the stupendous growth of fintech and decline of credit cards.

Future of Credit Cards

The onset of fintech started with credit cards substituting cash. This replacement resulted in their usage growth. With e-payment solutions like open banking, QR codes, and e-wallets becoming more and more prominent, the credit card industry is bound to feel slightly neglected. The shift in customer habits and preferences, has already impacted credit cards, where authorities noticed a 9% fall in the total spendable amounts offered by credit card companies in the US alone. Such figures and trends suggest a bleak future for credit cards.

However, according to some reports, credit cards are not losing ground completely, and in fact, they are here to stay. The reach and benefits of the credit card industry is incomparable. Let’s find out the what the future entails for this industry.

Artificial Intelligence & Cryptocurrencies

Credit cards companies have already realized the importance of incorporating artificial intelligence practices in this industry. Collating customer data and information to study trends and habits can provide a crucial leverage to credit card companies, where the companies can then offer personalized suggestions to their customers by offering discounts on items that the customer would need in the near future. 

With the evolution of payment systems, the current restrictions imposed by governments and regulatory bodies will eventually subside, giving way to a more prevalent set up of credit cards merging with cryptocurrency technologies. This collaboration would enable quick and reliable cross-border transfers between businesses, customers and even peer-to-peer.

Digital or Virtual Cards

With more and more people jumping on to the bandwagon of going cashless, the use of physical cards has also declined. This shift has resulted in the emergence of digital and virtual cards. These cards use similar technologies as credit cards, where they have a 16-digit number along with an expiration date and CVV, but they exist only virtually or digitally. This technology is like an amalgamation of e-wallets and credit cards, where the system exists online, but the presence is in the form of a card. These virtual cards are gaining traction and are said to be the future of credit cards.
Wider Acceptance

Even though the popularity of fintech services has grown manifold, the reach of credit cards still remains unmatched. With such a wide acceptance, it is almost improbable that the credit card industry would die out.

Gamification

The rewarding system offered by credit card companies faces very mild competition from fintech services. This original gamification has been an endearing factor for most credit card users. Because of the reliability of the entire system, the credit card companies are able to enjoy a different niche.

Parting Thoughts

As the concern surrounding the future of credit cards grows, the unmarked niche of credit cards brings hope. There is no doubt that the entire spectrum of fintech has disrupted the way our financial industry functions. But, with newer technologies making their way into the cosmos, the credit card industry is also incorporating rapid changes to challenge other alternatives. 

By using artificial intelligence, the credit card industry can extend an impartial focus on its customers by reading their trends and behaviors to suggest more personalized rewards. Such practices and integrations would only help enhance the reach of credit cards, uplifting their popularity immensely. 

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